AI in modern medicine: what operations do robots perform

Robots and artificial intelligence (AI) are actively used in modern medicine to perform complex operations, providing increased accuracy and minimizing risks. The main types of robotic interventions include:

• Surgical operations
  Urological and gynecological procedures
• Robotic systems (for example, Da Vinci) are used to remove fibroids, cancer lesions, kidney transplants and other operations. The technology allows you to work through minimal incisions, reducing trauma and accelerating recovery.
• Cardiac surgery
  Saudi Arabia has performed more than 400 robotic heart surgeries, including aortic valve replacement. The survival rate reaches 98%.
• Organ transplantation
  Lung: The first fully robotic double transplant was performed at New York University.
  Liver: Barnes-Jewish Hospital (USA) successfully performed a robotic transplant for cancer and cirrhosis.
• Spinal surgery
  Robots hold instruments and implants with high precision, minimizing the risk of tissue damage. For example, during spinal decompression.
• Oncology
  Systems such as Da Vinci are used to remove tumors of internal organs (liver, stomach, pancreas).

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The role of AI in robotic surgery

• Machine learning analyzes surgical data to improve surgeons’ techniques and make decisions in real time.
• Haptic feedback allows robots to feel tissues, which increases the accuracy of manipulations.
• Autonomous systems (such as PROBOT) are being developed to perform procedures without direct human control, but their use is limited due to the complexity of data collection.

Advantages of robotic surgery

• Minimally invasive: Coin-sized incisions reduce the risk of infections and accelerate healing.
• Precision: Elimination of human factors (such as hand tremors, cramps).
• Expanding capabilities: Allows previously risky procedures, such as complex abdominal surgeries, to be performed.

Examples of systems: Da Vinci (USA), Tumai (China), ZEUS (early model). Robotic systems in modern surgery perform a wide range of operations, including complex interventions. The main types of procedures are:

• Radical prostatectomy (removal of the prostate gland for cancer).
• Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) and myomectomy (removal of fibroids).
• Ureteral reimplantation and radical nephrectomy (removal of the kidney).
• Mitral valve repair and myocardial revascularization.
• Coronary artery bypass grafting and ablation of cardiac tissue.
• Nissen fundoplication (treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease).
• Gastric bypass grafting and resection of gastric tumors.
• Intestinal anastomosis (connection of intestinal fragments).
• Lung lobectomy (removal of a lobe of the lung) and esophagectomy (removal of the esophagus).
• Mediastinal surgery (removal of tumors).
• Spinal disc replacement and joint replacement.
• Lobotomy (brain surgery).
• Thyroidectomy (removal of the thyroid gland) and tonsillectomy (removal of the tonsils).
• Hair transplantation.

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Examples of robotic systems:

• Da Vinci – the leader in robotic surgery, used in 90% of operations.
• STAR – an autonomous robot for suturing and anastomosis.
• Flex System – a snake robot for operations through natural openings (mouth).
• ARTAS – a robot for hair transplantation.

Robots provide minimal invasiveness, accuracy (elimination of hand tremor) and a reduction in the rehabilitation period. However, most systems remain assistants, not fully autonomous.